Political Corruption Essay Example for Free

Political Corruption EssayGreetings and veracious morning to all of you. My speech today will address the topic on putrescence and mainly the corrupted political system of India. After many years of ceaseless struggle for freedom, India gained its independence in the year 1947 at the constitute of some brave and noble lives whom we still remember and pay our tributes to on the memorable days of Indias fight to freedom. Our dignified leaders with a team up of members over a series of studies and meetings drafted, the Indian Constitution, in which every citizen has an equal standing before the law and this came into effect on January 26th 1950. After having grow so far where does India stand today with relevance to equality for citizens. Everything in this era revolves around the decisions made by powerful people in society, oddly politicians resorting to misuse power for their personal gain and todays India does not reflect the same spirit of our faithful leaders. The influe nce of money has crept into our society and putrefaction has become so common a thing that people have come in terms with this social evil.Be it politics, sports, media, or court, anything seems to be accomplishable in India if you have fame and money while the less privileged experience the hard hand of law thus depriving citizens of their rights to equality. This kind of fraudulency over a menses of time thwarts a persons morals and ethics, consequently leading to the states intolerance against its leaders and outbursts of mass protests dragging a nation to agitation, confusion, social disorder and on top of these, innocent lives being sacrificed for the wrong deeds of a despotic leader.As we all know Egypt and other countries uniform Libya and Yemen had witnessed this kind of tumultuous protests and as we all know gruesome fights against the corrupted organisation are still ongoing in Syria. Its time that the citizens of India commove up and join hands with anti-corruption crusaders like the 72 year old Gandhian, Anna Hazare, an Indian social activist who led movements to promote rural development, increase government transparency, and investigate and punish official corruption and he pressed to pass the Jan Lokpal Bill.This is a bill that aims to change the way India tackles corruption. We should be determined not to get out corruption cripple our resourceful nation and tamper the economic growth of our country anymore. We children who are Indias future need to strongly value the good morals taught in homes and schools and strongly abide by them and fight towards a clean system and strive in every small way to postulate about a change in this social evil.It is not an easy road and we as individuals can participate in this struggle by counterbalance to say NO to bribes. Dear friends, finally let me encourage you all to live by our motto Lead kindly light and radiate the determine of life by our education and who knows we could probably be the fut ure bearers of these offices that will pave way to be an exemplar of an ideal leader.

Drug Abuse and Addiction Essay Example for Free

Drug Ab do and Addiction EssayDrug ab theatrical role and dependency atomic number 18 a major burden to society. Many people do non understand why individuals become addicted to drugs or how drugs change the soul to foster compulsive drug abuse. They mistakenly view drug abuse and addiction as strictly a social problem and may measure up those who take drugs as morally weak. One very common belief is that drug ab affection abusers should be able to just stop taking drugs if they are all willing to change their behavior. What people often underestimate is the complexity of drug addiction that it is a disease that impacts the brain and because of that, stopping drug abuse is not simply a matter of willpower. Through scientific advances we now eff much more about how exactly drugs work in the brain, and we also know that drug addiction can be successfully treated to help people stop abusing drugs and resume productive lives. So what is drug abuse and why do we became addicte d to certain drugs? Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods neither approved nor supervised by medical professionals. Addiction is the continued use of a mood altering substance or behavior despite adverse dependency consequences, or a neurological impairment leading to such behaviors.Addictions can include, but are not limited to, drug abuse, exercise abuse, sexual activity and gambling. Classic hallmarks of addiction include impaired control over substances/behavior, preoccupation with substance/behavior, continued use despite consequences, and denial. Habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate gratification (short-term reward), coupled with delayed deleterious effects (long-term costs). Physiological dependence occurs when the body has to countersink to the substance by incorporating the substance into its normal functioning. This state creates the conditions of tolerance and withdrawal.Drug addiction and drug abuse, chronic or habitual use of any chemic substance to alter states of body or mind for other than medically warranted purposes. Traditional definitions of addiction, with their criteria of physical dependence and withdrawal (and often an underlying tenor of misdeed and sin) have been modified with increased understanding with the introduction of new drugs, such as cocaine, that are psychologically or neuropsychologically addicting and with the realization that its stereotypical application to opiate-drug users was remove because many of them remain occasional users with no physical dependence. Addiction is more often now defined by the continuing, compulsive nature of the drug use despite physical and/or psychological harm to user and society and includes both licit and illicit drugs, and the term substance abuse is now ofttimes used because of the broad range of substances (including alcoh ol and inhalants) that can fit the addictive profile.There are many different types of drugs you should be aware of. Some are prescribed, others are known as club drugs, illicit or illegal substances, and some are called designers drugs. They include Antidepressants, Barbiturates, Cannabis, Depressants, Hallucinogens, Inhalants, Narcotics, Steroids, Stimulants and Tobacco.

Adaptive Optics Overview

Adaptive Optics OverviewAdaptive OpticsAdaptive optics is a technological ontogeny apply for visual system performance improvement. It works by reducing the effect of agitatefront distortions. Light from a distant celestial object gets distorted as it passes through earths atmosphere, thus a range located on earths surface cannot form accurate images. It would take a telescope placed above Earths surface, such as the Hubble Space telescope, to acquire accurate images or a telescope able to measure the effect and attempt to correct it. Instruments using reconcileive optics bemuse been created for this exact purpose to eliminate the incoming distortion in light under the effect of our ever-moving atmosphere. Through adjustive optics, optical systems argon able to adapt in order to compensate for the effects imposed by the medium in between an object and its image. This is considered the most revolutionary technical development in the field of Astronomy ever since 1609, when G alileo scratch used an astronomical telescope.A graphical example of this effect is presented be scummyFigure 1When uniform waves of starlight come to Earths atmosphere they get distorted due to the variations in temperature in atmospheric cells. This causes the light to travel slightly faster in less dense and cordially air, resulting in a non-uniform refraction.An adaptive optical system works by measuring the distortion of an incoming wave of light and correcting its optical aberration through deformation of a reverberate. These optic systems function at high frequencies of around 1000 Hz, which is too fast to al low-down deformation of a primary mirror so a secondary mirror is used, on with other optical elements placed in the light path.The main use of adaptive optical systems is in astronomical telescopes and laser communication systems. It has other uses as well, such as microscopy and retinal imaging systems, but the primary progress has been developed in telescope tec hnology.To advance understand the way adaptive optics work, think of starlight as waves. When these waves reach Earths atmosphere, they are entirely flat, but the turbulence causes them to change shape. The telescope receiving a misshaped wave give return a blurry image. If a telescope with adaptive optics is used, the distorted waves would then reflect off of a deformable mirror which is equipped with hundreds of actuators on its back. These actuators spy the shape of the incoming wave and change the mirrors shape to match that of the wave. The result of this process is an almost entirely accurate image of a flat wave just as it was before entering Earths atmosphere. See figure 2.Figure 2The system performs wave front sensing and wave front doctorion, with excitant from adaptive mirrors.Wavefront Sensing (WFS)WFS provides a signal that is used to estimate the wave front shape. It involves an optical device that is phase- sensitive, along with a highly efficient, low noise dete ctor for photons. The achromatic wave front means that the sensors ordinarily operate within the visible spectrum where the CCD chips and photo diodes have a high quantum qualification and are virtually noise free.There are mainly third types of WFS that operate in the broadband spectrum with varying sensitivity and dynamic range. They are the curve ball WFS, the Shack-Hartmann WFS, and the Pyramid WFS.The Shack-Hartmann WFS is based on producing numerous spots synonymic to the local wavefront through the use of lenslets located across the aperture. The average wavefront flip over the subaperture is determined by observing the topographic point of these spots.The Pyramid WFS is very similar to the Shack-Hartmann WFS when the pyramid is modulated. When the prism is hit on either side by an aberrated ray, it only appears in one pupil. Thus the slope is measured through the distribution of pupil images.The curvature WFS measures intensity distributions in two different planes, c orresponding to the wavefronts curvature. The most advantageous segment of the curvature WFS is the ease of use. In terms of sensitivity at high spatial frequencies, the curvature WFS performs better than the Shack-Hartmann but has low performance when it comes to low special frequency.Wavefront ReconstructionThis helps to calculate a suitable correction vector (consisting of voltages sent to the DM from slopes measured at the WFS) to reconstruct the wavefront. In a closed loop, the WFS operates linearly, therfore the reconstruction of the wavefront can be described asDv = s + nWhere n is the measurement noise usually assumed to be Gaussian and uncorrelated,D is matrix for the interaction between the wavefront sensing and the deformable mirrorThese vector matrix calculations are computing intensive, particularly because they have to be carried out in microseconds regime. Linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) or Kalman filter can be used to predict the systems state which would be an im provement of wavefront reconstruction and control. Using such a setup, telescope vibrations can be introduced in the state vector and corrected. The only drawback would be the computational complexity which may be overcome by keeping the use of the scheme to a minimum only applying it to certain modes.Deformable Mirrors (DM)The atmosphere distorts the incoming light. The induced optical path differences are corrected by the DM. The mirror surface can be deformed by the movement of many small actuators present beneath the optical surface. The answer of this deformation depends on the number of actuators, their separation, operation speed, and response time. There are thousands of actuators present in the DM system for large (There are three primary technologies used to produce adaptive optics deformable mirrors deformable secondary mirrors (DSM), piezo deformable mirrors and micro-optical-electrical-mechanical systems (MOEMS ).DSM provides adaptive optics correction while keeping u p and high transmission and low thermal emissivity. The position of the actuators is handled by an internal control loop. They are normally separated by a few cm and attached to an optical shell.Piezo DMs have a pose of actuators of several millimeters. Their response time is over a hundred microseconds. Piezo DMs usually require to be controlled by 8 Davies Kasper, an adaptive optics system to provide static wavefront quality because they do not have local position control.MOEMS use electro-static actuation. They are much smaller than other DMs due to their interactuator spacings of a few hundred microns. Their response time is almost instantaneous, however they require a very large number of actuators, which is currently a technological challenge.Throughout the development of the telescope which started 400 years ago with a small, manual device that later on evolved into a sophisticated, computerized instrument, two parameters have been vital the diameter of the telescope and the angular resolution. Since the perfect telescope would have the resolution directly proportional to the inverse of the telescopes diameter, the ideal would be to convert incoming wavefronts into a perfectly worldwide wavefront, only restricted by the diffraction limit.Adaptive optics were first envisioned by Horace W. Babcock in 1953,6 but only entered common usage in 1990s, following computer technology development which made it a practical technique. This system was first applied to flood-illumination retinal imaging for the purpose of producing images of single cones in the human eye, in conjunction with scanning laser ophthalmoscopy to produce the first images of retinal microvasculature and associated blood flow and retinal pigment epithelium cells in addition to single cones.In 1995, Lawrence Livermore installed a laser pull in star on the 3-meter Shane telescope at the University of Californias Lick Observatory, which later became the first major astronomical telescope c onsisting of full adaptive optics.There has been massive development in adaptive optics in the field of astronomy following these memorable points in history. However, given that in practice there are excuse too many errors distorting the wavefront, both due to atmosphere and telescope system, even adaptive optics have limitations.The primary challenges of adaptive optics are the mogul to create an optical system mechanically capable of correcting incoming waves of light and computers ability to keep up with the speed required by the atmosphere.For the first impediment, the telescopes at Mount Wilson Observatory, for example, use two mirrors working together a tip-tilt mirror which provides the correction of incoming light and a second deformable mirror which aims to shape after the distorted wave of light, making it reflect its actual shape as if outside Earths atmosphere.Both the distorted and undistorted images must be k straightwayn by the system in order to determine the sh ape of the deformable mirror. There are several methods that can be used for determining the final shape of a point source at the Earths surface. The adaptive optics system at Mount Wilson uses a star near the telescopes target as the source of the distorted wavefront. That is, it looks at a star as seen through the telescope close to the object under study and determines how it has been distorted from its expected appearance. This technique is advantageous because no peculiar(a) equipment is needed, the light from the source passes through the entire atmosphere and it is located in proximity to the object studied. The downside is that it requires the object being observed to be close to a relatively clever star. Because the isoplanatic patch for the atmosphere is so small, only a small part of the sky could be close enough to a bright star to be observed.There have been attempts to overcome this limitation by using lasers to excite sodium atoms producing an artificial star instea d of a guide star. The technique involves projecting a laser beam into the sky close to the object of interest. As long as the lasers light is bright enough, there is no need for a guide stars light.The second challenge is caused by the ever-changing distortions. The deformable mirror must modify quickly to keep up with the incoming light. Since this part of the process must be handled through the use of computers, it requires that the systems be fast enough to analyse the incoming wave of light and transmit the appropriate commands to the mirror many times per second. Thus if the turbulence in the atmosphere is increased, the system will have to worker harder in order to achieve accurate results.Since the first astronomical adaptive optics systems were brought into common use in the early 1990s, a vast number of technical developments have been achieved, numerous ingenious techniques have been created, and it has now come to a point where it is inconceivable to even consider buildi ng a large telescope without adaptive optics. Sadly, many of the complex concepts today still exist only on paper or demonstrated on small scale only. Even though many of these innovations have arisen after 2000s, late years have been mostly dedicated to developing the technology for practical, large scale use of these systems. It seems adaptive optics are fully developed on a theoretical level, but the practical progress is still lacking. It is expected that in the years to come the main areas to be explored and developed will be high-density deformable mirrors with thousands of actuators, dynamical sodium lasers and powerful real-time computers with processors exceeding 109 to 1010 operations per second, along with, possibly, fast and low-noise near-IR detectors, since optical detectors with sub-electron read-noise and very high quantum efficiency are already close to perfection. many a(prenominal) recent astronomical discoveries are directly attributed to the new optical observ ation developments. With the help of Very Large Telescopes, the role of adaptive optics is very important. With this capability, their huge light-gathering along with the ability to resolve small details, has the potential to bring major progress in ground-based astronomy in the new decade. Further in the future, giant optical telescopes such as E-ELT, will rely on advanced adaptive optics systems for virtually all their observations.

Study of Document Layout Analysis Algorithms

Study of Document Layout Analysis AlgorithmsRelative Study of Document Layout Analysis Algorithms for Printed Document ImagesDivya Kamat, Divya Sharma, Parag Chitale, Prateek DasguptaABSTRACTIn the following(a) survey paper, the different algorithms that could be used for schoolbookbookbook file layout psychoanalysis have been studied and their results have been comp atomic number 18d. For the remotion of depict mask, Bloombergs algorithm and CRLA have been described. For the train of text segmentation, we have studied the Recursive XY Cut algorithm, RLSA and RLSO algorithms.IntroductionPhysical layout analysis of printed document kitchen stoves is the archetypal step of the OCR conversion. For the OCR to work effectively, we need to provide an input signal wherein no images are present in the document i.e. the image contains only text. If this is not done properly, the OCR will return garbage values. To avoid this, we have discussed both algorithms, Bloombergs Algorit hm and CRLA that could be used for the removal images from the document images.The next step is the text segmentation wherein we find the text blocks inside the document. The coordinates of these text blocks are then passed as input to the OCR. To perform this segmentation, we have discussed the algorithmic XY cut algorithm, the RLSA and RLSO algorithms.Removal of Image from DocumentThe offshoot step in the document layout analysis is to remove the images present in the original document. We will be discussing the Bloombergs algorithm along with its variations and the CRLA algorithm for image removal.Bloombergs AlgorithmThe Bloombergs algorithm is primarily used to find the image mask of halftone images. The implementation of this algorithm uses basic morpho synthetical operations. The algorithm has the following stepsIn the first step, the binarization of the input image is performed.Next, 41 wand reduction is performed twice using limen T=1.41 threshold reduction is performed using T=4.41 threshold reduction is performed using T=3.Opening the image with a structural element of size 55.Next, 14 magnification of the image is performed twice.Next the pairing of overlapping components of the seed image obtained from step 6 with the image obtained from step 2 is performed.Dilation with structural element 33 followed by 14 expansion which is performed twice.The halftone mask obtained from step 8 is then subtracted from the binarized input image.The main issue with Bloombergs algorithm is that it is unable to distinguish between text and sketches (i.e. imbibe drawings) in a printed document image.Enhanced CRLA AlgorithmCRLA stands for Constraint Run length Algorithm. In this algorithm we apply horizontal and vertical smoothening to the document image to get a clear detachment between text and images in the document.Enhanced CRLA is used to smooth out only the text part in the image and avoid smoothening of non-textual part of the document image.AlgorithmLa bel the connected components in the document image.Classify the components with respect to their heights as followsHeight less(prenominal) than or equal to 1 cm, label it as 1Height between 1 and 3 cm, label it as 3Height great than 3 cm, label it as 3 generate horizontal smoothening to the components with label 1 only.Apply vertical smoothening to the components with label 1 only.Logically AND the two images obtained previously.Apply horizontal smoothening to the output image of AND operation. take aim Mean Black Run Length portend the Black Run Length (BRL) row-wise for the region under consideration. find a Black-White Transition Count (TC) for the region.Calculate Mean BRL as MBRL= (BRL/TC).Calculate Mean Transition CountMaintain a Black-White Transition Count (TC) for the region.Calculate W, the width of the region.Calculate Mean TC as MTC=(TC/W)Extract the components from the image with label 1 having values of MBRL and MTC in the acceptable range for the typical document ima ge.Apply horizontal smoothening to the components with label 2 only.Apply vertical smoothening to the components with label 2 only.Logically AND the two images obtained previously.Apply horizontal smoothening to the output image of AND operation.Calculate MBRL and MTC.Extract the components from the image with label 2 and 3 having values MBRL and MTC in the acceptable range for the typical document image.At step 9 we option the text part of the document image and at step 15 we extract the non-text part of the document image.The main advantage of the CRLA algorithm is that clear separation of text and non-text part of the document image. It also whole kit and boodle for sketches as well as halftones effectively. It has considerably less complexity as selective smoothening is done.However, after the removal of the non-textual part of the document image, some stray pixels remain the image. The connected components in the halftone image whose height is less than 1cm are assumed as text elements in the algorithm. This results in presence of unwanted components in the final image.Text SegmentationThe next step in the document layout analysis is the segmentation of text into text blocks that could be provided as input to the OCR. The following algorithms have been studied for thisRecursive XY Cut algorithmThe recursive XY cut algorithm is used for obtaining text blocks from an image that does not contain any images from the original printed document. The XY cut algorithm kit and caboodle in the following wayThe bounding boxes of the image are weighd.Next we calculate the horizontal and vertical projections of the image.After calculating the projections, we then perform X cuts on all the valleys in the horizontal projections which have a value greater than the threshold th.Next we perform Y cuts in between these X cuts at all the valleys in the vertical projections which have a value greater than the threshold tv.We repeat the steps 3 and 4 until there are no furth er X or Y cuts possible in a region.One of the problems with XY cut algorithm is that there is no method to find a threshold that will work for all the documents. Instead, a new threshold needs to be determined for each document and this cannot be done without manual intervention.Another major issue with the recursive XY algorithm is the time complexity. The recursive XY cut algorithm requires a large time to complete execution. Despite these disadvantages, this algorithm successfully separates the text blocks provided that a manual threshold is provided.RLSAThe Run-Length Smoothing Algorithm (RLSA) works on black white scanned images of documents. It finds runs of white pixels and converts them into black pixels whenever they are less than a given threshold. The RLSA works in four stepsIn the first step, we perform horizontal smoothing. For this, we scan the image row-wise and then replace lengths of white pixels by black pixels if they are less than a threshold th.In the mo step , we perform vertical smoothing. For this, we scan the image column-wise and then replace lengths of white pixels by black pixels if they are less than a threshold tv.Next, we perform logical ANDing of the images obtained from the first and second steps.Then we perform horizontal smoothing on the image obtained from step 3 with a threshold ta.RLSOA simplified version of the RLSA, RLSO (Run-Length Smoothing with OR) works as followsIn the first step, we perform horizontal smoothing. For this, we scan the image row-wise and then replace lengths of white pixels by black pixels if they are less than a threshold th.In the second step, we perform vertical smoothing. For this, we scan the image column-wise and then replace lengths of white pixels by black pixels if they are less than a threshold tv.Next we perform a logical OR operation on the images obtained from the first and second step.The RLSA algorithm returns rectangular frames of documents with Manhattan Layouts. On the other hand, RLSO algorithm also works well with non-Manhattan layouts. The problem with both RLSA and RLSO is that the threshold for smoothing needs to be determined manually. Also the threshold required for each document image is different and it is almost impossible to be determined manually.ConclusionWe have compared the above given algorithms for the document layout analysis. During our research we found that, while Bloombergs algorithm faces problems for images that contain sketches, CRLA faces problems for images that contain extremely small non-textual elements.We also observed that the recursive XY Cut algorithm and RLSA both do not work on printed documents having non-Manhattan layouts. On the other hand, the RLSO algorithm gives comparatively better results for Manhattan as well as non-Manhattan layouts. However, all three algorithms mentioned above face the common problem of manual threshold determination which is document specific.ReferencesSyed Saqib Bukhari, Faisal Shafait and Th omas M. Bruel, Improved Document Image Segmentation Algorithm using Multiresolution MorphologyJaekyu Ha and Robert M. Haralick, Ihsin T. Philips, Recursive XY Cut using Bounding Boxes of machine-accessible Components , Third International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, ICDAR, 1995Stefano Ferilli, Teresa M.A. Basile, Floriana Esposito, A histogram-based Technique for Automatic Threshold Assessment in a Run Length Smoothing-based Algorithm, ACM, 2010.Hung-Ming Sun, Enhanced Constrained Run-Length Algorithm for Complex Layout Document Processing, International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, 2006

Benefits of Police Body Cameras

Benefits of Police Body CamerasAs with any new technology, police body-worn tv cameras are becoming the new trend in the natural law en issuement community. While camera and surveillance systems project been around for a quite a while, body-worn cameras have seen increase popularity as several high profile cases have brought this technology to the forefront. As agencies proceed forward with pilot programs to evaluate its usefulness, they must decide if the perceived benefits stillify the cost and expense to impose such a program.From the general public perspective, the use of body worn cameras represents police accountability and transparency. By their use alone studies have shown they improve military police officer professionalism and behavior. As agencies implement body worn cameras, officers will be more aware of their actions and interactions with the general public and less potential to cross the line between use of force necessary to apprehend suspects and blatant over us e of force.That same perspective is likewise true from the law enforcement community. Studies have shown from many different sources that when individuals are being save or that they are aware their actions are being recorded, their behavior will change. They are more aware of their behavior and will potentially extrapolate their interactions with the person who is recording. Accumulated rise further suggests that individuals who are aware that they being-observed often embrace submissive or commonly-accepted behavior, particularly when the observer is a rule-enforcing entity. (Self-Awareness to being watched and Socially-Desirable Behavior, 2013, p. 2). on that point are many times in an officers career when the person they arrest and the behavior they display on scene is quite the blunt contrast when both meet in the courtroom for trial. The professionally dressed defendant who speaks intelligently is much different than the drunken patron that was involved in a fight and a rrested for battery. Had camera footage been available, the impression would be quite different when presented to a judge. If the defendant was aware that he was being recorded, his behavior would most likely be different. It fuck be incredibly frustrating to arrive in court to find a defendant dressed professionally in a suit with an angelic demeanor thats completely opposite of the person who was arrested. Using cameras to capture that persons true character and behavior can be very beneficial when it comes to prosecution. (McFarlin, 2015, para. 4).Along with possible behavior modifications, other perceived benefits of body-worn cameras for agencies are reduced citizen complaints and officer use of force incidents. In 2012, the urban center of Rialto Police Department, in conjunction with the University of Cambridge (UK), conducted a classlong study on the effects and impacts of police worn body cameras. Over the course of a twelvemonth period, different patrol shifts were give n cameras while others were non. The study was a random sample of different shifts at different times over the course of the study. after(prenominal) the yearlong pilot, the results were amazing. The groups that were assigned body cameras had a reduction of use-of-force incidents by 60% from the previous year. The study also concluded that citizen complaints for that same group were reduced by 88% over the previous years findings. The Rialto Police Chief stated, Whether the reduced number of complaints was because of the officers behaving better or the citizens behaving better head, it was believably a pocket-sized bit of both. (Police Executive search Forum PERF, 2014, p. 5).In another study on how body cameras reduce citizen complaints, the Mesa Police Department conducted a yearlong study specifically focusing on reducing complaints. The pilot program consisted of two groups 50 patrol officers with assigned body cameras and 50 without body cameras. two of the groups were si milar in demographics and assigned patrol duties. The study, conducted in conjunction with the University of Arizona, concluded that the patrol officers without body cameras had three times more citizen complaints. In addition, the study also concluded that the patrol officers that had been wearing the body-worn cameras had a 40% reduction in citizens complaints and 75% reduction in use of force complaints from the previous year in which the body cameras were not used.In both studies, the overwhelming results state that body-worn cameras reduced citizen complaints. This is due in part to behavior on both sides from the sense of having the incident being recorded. Greensboros Police Chief Ken milling machine states, We actually encourage our officers to let people k straight off that they are recording. Why? Because we opine that it elevates behavior on both sides of the camera. (PERF, 2014, p. 6).Video footage from officers using the body-worn cameras can also be used to correct i nternal agency problems and rise as a useful training tool. In a recent survey from Police Chiefs around the country on the use of body camera characterisation, 94% of the respondents stated that they use it as a training tool or for review by administrators to correct officer behavior. (PERF, 2014, p. 7). Body camera video has a multitude of training examples. While reviewing footage, administrators can evaluate current policies and determine if revisions need to be made based on actual officer encounters. The training department can create very specific scenarios to train their officers based on actual calls in the field. Additionally, officer training can now be specific to the individual agency or internal department.Perhaps one of the biggest benefits to law enforcement will be capturing and documenting evidence for criminal investigations. Again, its just another tool that can aid in the successful prosecution of criminals. When officers respond to a major crime scene, most of their focus and first antecedence is securing the scene and aiding victims with first aid measures. As they start their interviews and try to put together what happened, it is difficult to remember all the details. By using a body-worn camera, the officer is able to capture the scene and many of the small details that would have been missed. As they are walking around the crime scene, they are actually recorded it as it was upon initial response. This tool can provide a wealth of information to detectives that commonly arrive well after the fact when it is calm and not hurried. Police Chief Parker of Dalton, Georgia states, Unlike in-car cameras, body-worn cameras capture everything that happens as officers travel around the scene and interview multiple people. The body-worn cameras have been incredibly useful in accurately preserving information. (PERF, 2014, p. 9).Local prosecutors are also encouraged and actively engaging agencies to adopt this technology. Having a video re cord to present in court is usually hard to defend. In Kentucky, a local defense attorney commented on the use of providing body-worn camera video. It makes it much easier for them to understand a guilty plea is probably going to be in their best interest, because you dont want a jury to see this. (Mateescu, Rosenblat, Boyd, 2015, p. 27). This is particularly true for domestic violence case when the video evidence is provided in court. Many times, especially if there is a pattern of abuse and the victims are afraid, they do not want to press charges. Gathering evidence is difficult at best. Coupled with uncooperative victims and prosecution is almost nearly impossible. By providing prosecutors with video evidence upon arriving on scene, it will capture the demeanor of the victims and suspects as well as any injuries sustained. Providing this information to prosecutors, they can build a case even if the victim refuses to press charges or declines to provide a statement. Chief Miller of Topeka stated, When we show suspects in domestic violence cases footage from the body-worn cameras, often they plead guilty without even having to go to trial. (PERF, 2014, p. 9).ReferencesMateescu, A., Rosenblat, A., Boyd, D. (2015). Police Body-Worn Cameras. Retrieved from http//www.datasociety.netMcFarlin, C. (2015, January 7, 2015). Body-Worn Cameras Benefits and Best Practices Article. InPublicSafety. Retrieved from http//inpublicsafety.comPolice Executive Research Forum. (2014). Implementing a Body-Worn Camera Program. Retrieved from http//www.justice.gov/iso/opa/resources/472014912134715246869.pdfSelf-Awareness to being watched and Socially-Desirable Behavior A Field Experiment on the Effect of Body-Worn Cameras on Police Use-of-Force Special section. (2013). Police Foundation, 1 14. 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Mononucleosis Essay -- Medical Disease Health Herpes Biology Essays

Mononucleosis Mononucleosis is a disease caused by the Epstein-Barr computer virus (EBV), which is a constituent of the herpes family. The herpes family also includes viruses that cause cold sores, chicken pox, genital herpes, and birth defects (7). Mono, short for mononucleosis (3) gets its name from the fact that it causes a persons white declension cells to become distorted, so that they build only one nucleus (becoming mononuclear) instead of the usual divided nucleus. (3)The first accounts of mono ar credited to Filatov and Pfeiffer who around the residual of the nineteenth century described and illness known as Drusenfieber or glandular fever which occurred in family bug placebreaks. However, the establishment of mono is given to Sprunt and Evans. In 1921 they pointed out the mononuclear lymphocytosis that was present in each patient they treated. Two days later, Downey and McKinaly provided more details of the lymphocytes as a marker that led to the disease. (6)The ide a of EBV macrocosm connected to mono came about in 1958 by Burkitt. There were some cases in Africa of young children having tumors in their jaw and dying even when the tumor was removed. He later found out that the patients were coming from areas highly infested with mosquitoes, so they figured that the mosquitoes were related. The mosquitoes were carrying a virus in the herpes family, which was later called Epstein-Barr virus. This virus was later revealed to be linked with mono. (6)Anyone can get mono but it is most common in teens and young adults, mostly high school and college students. Children who are infected with EBV when they are really young are able to manufacture antibodies against the virus. If a persons body does not have EBV already they will most likely contract the virus later in their life and be able to build these antibodies. Only a small amount of teens and young adults actually get mono because they have already been exposed to EBV at a younger age. (7)Mono usually occurs in females between the ages of 15 to 16 years, and males between the ages of 18 to 23 years (4). People call it the kissing disease due to the fact that it is spread through close contact and saliva (2). Drinking afterward someone, or eating after him or her can also contract mono (2). In the United States more than 100,000 cases of mono are diagnosed each year (7). At colleges 300 to 1500 out of 100,00... ... ways to treat it without leading to death.Works Cited1. Beers, MD Mark H., and Robert Berkow, MD, ed. The Merck Manual Of Diagnosis and Therapy, 17th ed. Whitehouse Station, untried Jersey Merck Research Laboratories, 1999.2. Cassidy, Jo. Whats in a flesh? Mononucleosis. genuine Health 17 9 (1990) 14-15.3. Dinamoor, Robert S. When Mono Attacks Take It Lying Down. Current Health 20 9 (1993) 30-31.4. Dreher, Nancy. What You Need To Know about Mono. Current Health 23 3 (1997) 28-29.5. Kaye, Kenneth M., and Elliot Kieff. Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Infecti ous Mononucleosis. Infectious Diseases, 2nd ed. Ed. John G. Barlett, MD, Neil R. Blacklow, MD, and Sherwood L. Gorback, MD. Philadelphia W.B. Saunders Company, 1998. 1646-1650.6. Schooley, Robert T. Epstein-Barr Virus (Infectious Mononucleosis). Ed. John E. Bennett, MD, Raphael Dolin, MD, and Gerald L. Mandell, MD. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 4th ed. New York Churchill Livingstone, 1995. 1364-1373.7. Silverstein, Alvin, Virginia Silverstein, and Robert Silverstein. Mononucleosis. Hillside, New Jersey Enslow Publishers, Inc., 1994.

Becoming a Man :: essays research papers

A Day No Pigs Would Die is a story that Robert Peck wrote to show the reader his adolescent flavor, fate, and the journey from boyhood to manhood. Peck leads the reader finished the intricate web of his youth, almost as though he were a stitching needle. The author makes sure not to miss a single ache pumping detail, leaving the reader, well, not quite wanting more. As a young Shaker boy, Robert lived with his mother Lucy, father Haven, and his aunt carrie. The novel begins with a vivid expression in which he helps bring a calf into the world up on the ridge above their farm. The mother seemed to have been posessed by some commit of the underworld, causing her, her calf, and Rob a great deal of pain. Robert learns at an early age the value of a simple life, hard work, and a strict example code. While other boys his age spend their time playing, Robert helps his father on the farm and does his own daily chores, while raising a pig in hopes of supplementing the family income. Th e role fate plays in this story is Roberts future, and how he w threatening make a living. He is destined to become a farmer just worry his father, on the same land he grew up on. He knows that when his father dies, he will become the man of the house, and he will be in charge of his mother and his aunt. Robert would like very much to become famous, but he is resticted in that it is against his religion. Robert grows up feeling this constant sense of predestination, with his whole life planned out before his eyes only making him feel even more the urge to break free and live free. Roberts father becomes ill with a lung disease, and does all he can to help his son be ready to be the head of their household. Haven develops a cough, and eventually has to start quiescence out in the barn with the animals since it is warmer there, and he is worried about his wife becoming ill aswell. After a few years of proviso and rigorous teaching, Haven does not wake up one morning out in the barn . Robert does his best to be a man, and to make sure to take for his immature feelings concealed. He jumps right into his fathers boots, and is allowed to, for the first time, call his neighbors by their first names.